简牍数智化技术进展与展望:里耶秦简的数智化探索

doi:10.13438/j.cnki.jdzk.2025.06.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：围绕简牍数智化技术的发展现状，系统梳理了图像增强、图像分割、文字识别与图像修复等关键处理方法，并对这些方法在简牍图像处理中的应用策略与性能表现进行了归纳和分析.在此基础上，结合里耶秦简的出土背景与保存特点，针对里耶秦简数智化建设中面临的标准缺失、图像质量低、字形识别困难等实际问题，提出了以标准化建设为基础、图像智能处理为核心、文字深度识别与残缺修复为重点的数智化建设思路.同时，建议推动考古、计算、语言等领域的协同合作，构建可持续演进的简牍数智化技术体系，以支撑大规模文献资源的精细化整理与研究.

关键词： 简牍, 里耶秦简, 数智化技术, 图像增强, 图像分割, 文字识别, 图像修复

Abstract: The development of digital-intelligent technologies for bamboo slip processing has led to systematic advances in key methods such as image enhancement,image segmentation,character recognition,and image restoration.These techniques have been summarized in terms of their application strategies and performance in handling bamboo slip images.In light of the archaeological context and preservation conditions for the Liye Qin slips,major challenges have been identified,including the lack of standardized protocols,low image quality,and difficulties in recognizing diverse character forms.A construction framework has been proposed,centered on standardized data modeling,intelligent image processing,in-depth character recognition,and damaged-text restoration.Furthermore,interdisciplinary collaboration among archaeology,computing,and paleography is recommended to build a sustainable and evolvable technological system for bamboo slip digitization,facilitating the refined organization and scholarly use of large-scale historical documentary resources.

Key words: bamboo slips, Liye Qin slips, digital-intelligent technology, image enhancement, image segmentation, character recognition, image restoration

傅倬淞, 廖柏林, 李建锋, 龙广玉. 简牍数智化技术进展与展望:里耶秦简的数智化探索[J]. 吉首大学学报（自然科学版）, 2025, 46(6): 83-89.

FU Zhuosong, LIAO Bolin, LI Jianfeng, LONG Guangyu. Progress and Prospects of Bamboo Slips Digitization:A Preliminary Exploration of Digital-Intelligent Development of Liye Qin Slips[J]. Journal of Jishou University(Natural Sciences Edition), 2025, 46(6): 83-89.

参考文献

[1] 张春龙,龙京沙.湖南龙山里耶战国：秦代古城一号井发掘简报[J].文物,2003(1):4-35.
[2] 蔡万进.出土简帛整理的若干理论问题[J].郑州大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2017,50(5):83-88；159.
[3] 李广龙.古籍传统典藏模式与数字化模式比较研究[J].咸阳师范学院学报,2013,28(6):75-78.
[4] 刘澜.文物考古信息资源数字化建设探究[J].湖南大众传媒职业技术学院学报,2013,13(5):79-81.
[5] 楼兰.战国楚简文献电子引得建设刍议[J].长春工程学院学报(社会科学版),2021,22(1):63-66.
[6] 孟忻.“中华字库”工程第七包“两汉吴魏晋简牍文字”数据库建设研究[J].图书馆学研究,2018(12):46-50；84.
[7] 帅华锋,邬涵.三十而立行路致远：郭店楚简出土30年保护工作简述[J].江汉考古,2024(S1):219-223.
[8] 蔡万进,李若飞.《里耶秦简(壹)》研究综述[J].鲁东大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2016,33(5):66-75.
[9] 张春龙,龙京沙.湘西里耶秦代简牍选释[J].中国历史文物,2003(1):8-25；89-96.
[10] 吴方基.里耶秦简“校券”与秦代跨县债务处理[J].中国社会经济史研究,2017(4):26-35.
[11] 毛建军.简帛文献数字化述论[J].兰台世界,2011(8):23-24.
[12] 苏卫国,王文涛.简牍整理研究的现实困境与简牍数字化的发展方向[J].鲁东大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2011,28(6):22-25.
[13] 苏卫国,王文涛.试论简牍数字化的规范问题[J].鲁东大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2012,29(3):55-60.
[14] 张再兴.秦汉简牍语料库建设中基础语料的处理标准统一问题[J].中国文字研究,2014(2):53-56.
[15] 尤建辉.出土文献数字化整理简述[J].黑龙江史志,2014(21):72-73.
[16] 李静.浅析简帛文献的数据库建设[J].江汉考古,2017(5):128-130.
[17] 张昊苏.论郭店楚简数字化工作之得失：兼及出土文献数据库的开发标准问题[J].数字人文,2023(4):77-90.
[18] 赵桂芳,贾连翔.简牍图像信息采集过程中的保护及要求[J].出土文献,2023(1):13-19；154.
[19] 张娜,王绪本,杨斯涵,等.基于HSV空间的简牍图像增强算法研究[J].计算机应用研究,2007(6):204-206.
[20] 张娜.简牍图像增强与分割的研究[D].成都：成都理工大学,2007:12-31.
[21] 覃庆炎.简牍数字图像增强算法研究与应用[D].成都：成都理工大学,2008:16-41.
[22] 覃庆炎,王绪本,蒋维.反锐化掩模法在简牍文字增强中的应用[J].微计算机信息,2008(3):241-242.
[23] 汪刘艳,王绪本.多尺度Retinex算法在简牍图像增强中的应用[J].计算机科学,2009,36(3):288-290.
[24] STROMER DANIEL,CHRISTLEIN VINCENT,MAIER ANDREAS,et al.Non-Destructive Digitization of Soiled Historical Chinese Bamboo Scrolls[C]∥The Committee of DAS 2018.2018 13th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS).IEEE:Piscataway,USA,2018:55-60.
[25] STROMER DANIEL,CHRISTLEIN VINCENT,HUANG Xiaolin,et al.Virtual Cleaning and Unwrapping of Non-Invasively Digitized Soiled Bamboo Scrolls[J].Scientific Reports,2019,9:2311.DOI:10.1038/s41598-019-39447-0.
[26] 汪政阳,夏蓉,陈明,等.基于图像信噪比自适应阈值模型的秦简文字图像二值化算法[J].山东理工大学学报(自然科学版),2023,37(4):60-67.
[27] 杨斯涵.图像分割技术在简牍保护中的应用研究[D].成都：成都理工大学,2006:31-45.
[28] 刘瑛,王绪本.简牍图像文字切分算法研究[J].科学技术与工程,2007(21):5584-5589；5608.
[29] 刘瑛.OCR技术在简牍图像数字化中的应用[D].成都：成都理工大学,2007:24-33.
[30] 张阳洁.基于阈值的图像分割技术在简牍中的应用[D].成都：成都理工大学,2010:12-29.
[31] 林金泉,张娜,王绪本.基于阈值分割的简牍文字图像处理研究[J].科技通报,2012,28(6):128-129；132.
[32] 吴峥.《岳麓书院藏秦简》语料库建设暨若干汉字智能识别相关研究[D].长沙：湖南大学,2019:13-40.
[33] 陶珩,张钦科,刘浩男,等.湘西里耶秦简文字数字化检测技术研究与实现[J].电子制作,2021(18):56-57；25.
[34] CAO Songxiao,SHU Zichao,XU Zhipeng,et al.Character Segmentation and Restoration of Qin-Han Bamboo Slips Using Local Auto-Focus Thresholding Method[J].Multimedia Tools and Applications,2022,81:8199-8213.
[35] 张伟,王绪本,金平.Canny边缘算子在简牍文字修复中的应用[J].微计算机信息,2008(9):241-242；250.
[36] 张伟.简牍图像中文字修复的研究与应用[D].成都：成都理工大学,2008:12-28.
[37] 陈瑜.基于轮廓曲率的残断简牍匹配拼接关键技术研究[D].成都：成都理工大学,2008:39-44.
[38] 李申申.基于轻量级架构的简牍图像信息系统[D].成都：成都理工大学,2006:14-44.
[39] 朱琳.数字人文视阈下的秦汉简牍文本挖掘研究[D].西安：西北大学,2022:26-39.
[40] 唐杰,刘铭,陈镱文.基于出土文献数据库的集外字数字化处理方法研究[J].商洛学院学报,2022,36(2):73-78.
[41] 唐杰.基于出土文献数据库集外字字库的数字化处理方法研究[D].西安：西北大学,2022:9-31.
[42] PULINI MICHELE,LIST JOHANN-MATTIS.Using Cross-Linguistic Data Formats to Enhance the Annotation of Ancient Chinese Documents Written on Bamboo Slips[C]∥ANDERSON ADAM,GORDIN SHAI,LI Bin,et al.Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Ancient Language Processing.Kerrville,USA:Association for Computational Linguistics,2025:31-37.
[43] 汪利艳,王绪本,金平,等.简牍文物三维虚拟展示平台的研究与实现[J].东南文化,2008(5):54-57.
[44] 匡陕勇,苏展.郭店楚简的数字展示技术开发与应用[J].江汉考古,2019(S2):210-214.
[45] 张兰云.简牍文字提取与识别研究[D].兰州：西北师范大学,2017:21-34.
[46] WU Lingjing,ZHANG Chuang,XU Mengqiu,et al.Ancient Chinese Recognition Method Based on Attention Mechanism[C]∥The Committee of IC-NIDC 2021.2021 7th IEEE International Conference on Network Intelligence and Digital Content (IC-NIDC).Piscataway,USA:IEEE,2021:309-313.
[47] 陈炳权,汪政阳,夏蓉,等.基于轻量级AlexNet网络的秦简文字识别算法[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2023,54(9):3506-3517.
[48] 汪政阳.基于深度学习模型的秦简文字识别方法研究[D].吉首：吉首大学,2023:33-45.
[49] CHEN Ming,CHEN Bingquan,XIA Rong,et al.SwinGAN:A Generative Adversarial Network-Based Algorithm for Generating Qin Bamboo Slips Character Images[C]∥ZUO Chao.Proceedings Voulume 12971 of the Third International Conference on Optics and Communication Technology (ICOCT 2023).Washington,USA:SPIE,2023:129710S.
[50] SHIMOYAMA HOJUN,YOSHIDA SOH,FUJITA TAKAO,et al.U-Net Architecture for Ancient Handwritten Chinese Character Detection in Han Dynasty Wooden Slips[J].IEICE Transactions on Fundamentals of Electronics,Communications and Computer Sciences,2023,E106-A(11):1406-1415.
[51] 陈明.基于自注意力机制的秦简文字识别算法研究[D].吉首：吉首大学,2024:17-42.
[52] CHEN Huijuan,CHEN Bingquan,TAN Junyi,et al.Research on the Qin Bamboo Slip Character Images Inpainting Algorithm Based on the Context Encoder Model[C]∥KOLIVAND HOSHANG,MOSHAYEDI ATA JAHANGIR.Proceedings Volume 13288 of the 4th International Conference on Computer Graphics,Image,and Virtualization.Washington,USA:SPIE,2024:1328801.
[53] JING Bo,CHEN Bingquan,CHEN Huijuan,et al.Method for Qin Bamboo Slip Text Detection Based on an Enhanced DBNet Model[C]∥The Committee of AIIM 2024.2024 4th International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Manufacturing (AIIM).Piscataway,USA:IEEE,2024:952-958.
[54] 迟杨.知识驱动的古文字字形识别与语义跟踪研究[D].吉林：吉林大学,2025:71-90.
[55] CAO Songxiao,PAN Tianwei,WANG Yuanyuan,et al.Character Restoration of Qin and Han Bamboo Slips Based on Improved Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks[J].npj Heritage Science,2025,13:278.DOI:10.1038/s40494-025-01870-0.
[56] CHEN Yingfa,HU Chenlong,FENG Cong,et al.Multi-Modal Multi-Granularity Tokenizer for Chu Bamboo Slips[C]∥RAMBOW OWEN,WANNER LEO,APIDIANAKI MARIANNA,et al.Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Computational Linguistics.Kerrville,USA:Association for Computational Linguistics,2025:6201-6211.
[57] LIU Yiran,ZHANG Qiang,QI Ying,et al.DeepJiandu Dataset for Character Detection and Recognition on Jiandu Manuscript[J].Scientific Data,2025,12:398.DOI:10.1038/s41597-025-04716-3.
[58] ZHOU Liang,ZHAO Yan.An Empirical Study on the Accuracy of Automated Segmentation of Single Characters in Wuwei Hanjian Based on FastSAM[C]∥CISCE 2025 Conference Committee.2025 IEEE 7th International Conference on Communications,Information System and Computer Engineering (CISCE).Piscataway,USA:IEEE,2025:351-354.
[59] ZHOU Liang,ZHAO Yan.Effectiveness Analysis of TrexLabel in Automated Annotation of Wuwei Hanjian Plates and Facsimile Images[C]∥CISCE 2025 Conference Committee.2025 IEEE 7th International Conference on Communications,Information System and Computer Engineering (CISCE).Piscataway,USA:IEEE,2025:355-358.
[60] 谭俊毅,陈炳权,陈慧娟,等.基于改进条件扩散模型的残简文字修复方法[J].现代电子技术,2025,48(17):61-67.